Research on Fireworks Safety Hazard Accumulation Mechanism and Regulatory Failure Based on Heinrich's Law—A Case Study of the "May 4" Explosion Accident in Liuyang 
Jin Wang  Xiao-Qiao Zhao^{（corresponding author）}  Wei Wei  Shi-Jie Yang  Ao Wang  Jin-Yang Song

Department of Public Security Management Jiangsu Police Institute, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210031;

Abstract：Heinrich's safety law holds that catastrophic accidents stem from the long-term accumulation of unaddressed minor violations, near-miss hazards and potential risks, rather than random occurrences. The 2026 "May 4" major fireworks explosion in Liuyang, a typical case of deviating from Heinrich's risk prevention logic, has exposed deep-seated structural failures in the industry's regulatory system amid the nationwide full-chain special crackdown on illegal fireworks operations. Using Heinrich's accident causal chain theory as the core framework, this paper analyzes the formation mechanism of the Liuyang accident from three dimensions: risk accumulation, hazard transmission and regulatory failure, sorts out obstacles in minor risk control, near-miss management and repeated violation punishment, and proposes targeted optimization paths based on proactive prevention and step-by-step chain breaking, focusing on how hazards accumulate, why regulation fails and how to break the accident chain.1.

Keywords: Heinrich's Safety Law; accident causal chain; fireworks explosion accident; risk accumulation; regulatory failure; accident prevention and control

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