The Visual Transformation of Landscape: Nineteenth-Century Perceptual Experiments and Viewing Practices 

Qiu Zidong

Liaoning Normal University Dalian City, Liaoning Province ，116000；

Abstract: Compared to earlier landscape viewing paradigms centered on the camera obscura and linear perspective, a series of practices emerging in the 19th century around vision and perception gradually destabilized the observational structure established by a fixed viewpoint. This chapter does not attempt to summarize "the experience of modernity" from a macroscopic social theory perspective. Instead, it focuses on specific visual devices, physiological experiments, and viewing practices in the 19th century, examining how landscape was reorganized under new perceptual conditions.

Keywords: landscape; media archaeology; digital image; visual experience

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